In header.php, I like to attribute a version number to the stylesheet so that the browser gets forced to refresh it. But when working with a child theme, its stylesheet is not explicitely called, rather WordPress automatically seeks it. So how or where to attribute a version number to the child theme’s stylesheet?

You can update the version in the child themes style sheet itself…
/*
Theme Name: Twenty Fourteen Child
Theme URI: http://example.com/twenty-fourteen-child/
Description: Twenty Fourteen Child Theme
Author: John Doe
Author URI: http://example.com
Template: twentyfourteen
Version: 1.1.2 <---- Update here
*/