Assume I created a new post type 'product'
. Is there a way to perform a function (user created) when this new 'product'
post has been created?

3 s
In functions.php:
function mynewproduct(){
myfunction();
}
add_action( 'new_product', 'mynewproduct' );
For more and the official documentation, refer here:
http://codex.wordpress.org/Post_Status_Transitions