I would like to add a custom field that is set by a jquery datepicker ui in the post edit panel. Im new to wordpress, so Im not sure how to go about adding something like this. I haven’t had much luck with plugins, so I would like to know how one would go about adding something like this manually. I am familiar with PHP.

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Since you are new to WordPress I would suggest using Meta Box Script for WordPress which provides an easy way of adding your custom fields to the post edit panel and its main features are:
- Support various field types, including: text, textarea, checkbox, checkbox list, radio box, select, wysiwyg, file, image, date, time, color. Developers can easily add more types by extending the script.
- Allow to create multiple meta boxes.
- Written in OOP, allow developers easily extend the script.
- Work with custom post types. Each meta box can be defined for many custom post types.