I can see that wp_nonce_field generates a value in the hidden field.

<input type="hidden" id="message-send" name="message-send" value="cabfd9e42d" />

But wp_verify_nonce isn’t using that value as far as I can tell, but I may be wrong.

It looks like it’s using a session token for verification.

$expected = substr( wp_hash( $i . '|' . $action . '|' . $uid . '|' . $token, 'nonce'), -12, 10 );
 if ( hash_equals( $expected, $nonce ) ) 
  { return 1;  }

Then what’s the point of having a value attribute in the hidden field?

TL;DR

In short, wp_verify_nonce() uses that value because it expects that value as its first argument.

wp_verify_nonce() arguments

wp_verify_nonce() receives 2 arguments:

1. $nonce
2. $action

The value in the hidden field ('cabfd9e42d' in your example) represent the $nonce.

1st argument is the nonce, and comes from the request

In fact, wp_verify_nonce() have to be used like so:

// here I assume that the form is submitted using 'post' as method

$verify = wp_verify_nonce($_POST['message-send']);

So the first argument passed to wp_verify_nonce() is exactly the value that is present in the hidden field.

2nd argument: the wp_create_nonce() method

Regarding the second argument, it depends on how you build the nonce value.

E.g. if you did:

<?php $nonce = wp_create_nonce( 'custom-action' ); ?>
<input type="hidden" name="message-send" value="<?php echo $nonce ?>" />

Then you need to do:

$verify = wp_verify_nonce( $_POST['message-send'], 'custom-action' );

So, the second argument is what was used as argument to wp_create_nonce().

2nd argument: the wp_nonce_field() method

If you created the nonce using wp_nonce_field() like:

wp_nonce_field( 'another_action', 'message-send' );

Then you need to verify the nonce like so:

$verify = wp_verify_nonce( $_POST['message-send'], 'another_action' );

So, this time, the action is whatever passed as first argument to wp_nonce_field().

Recap

To pass wp_verify_nonce() validation you need to pass 2 arguments to the function, one is the value in the nonce hidden field, the other is the action, and depends on how the nonce value was built.