What do the &,

Up until now I have only used database.yml with each parameter called out explicitly, in the file below it uses some characters I do not understand. What does each line and symbol(&, *, <<) mean? How do I read this file?

development: &default
  adapter: postgresql
  database: dev_development

test: &test
  <<: *default
  database: test_test


cucumber:
  <<: *test

production:
  <<: *default
  database: test_production

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