Is it possible to replace PHP with NodeJS?

I started working with WordPress recently, because I don’t have much familiarity with the PHP language, I would like to know if there is any way to program with NodeJS in WordPress.

No.

You can create your custom Node backend that communicates with WordPress via REST or GraphQL, but if you want to use WordPress’ functionality (such as add_filter, etc.), you need to use PHP.

See this as an opportunity to learn a new programming language.