How do I dispatch_sync, dispatch_async, dispatch_after, etc in Swift 3, Swift 4, and beyond?

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I have lots of code in Swift 2.x (or even 1.x) projects that looks like this:

// Move to a background thread to do some long running work
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0)) {
    let image = self.loadOrGenerateAnImage()
    // Bounce back to the main thread to update the UI
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue()) {
        self.imageView.image = image
    }
}

Or stuff like this to delay execution:

dispatch_after(dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, Int64(0.5 * Double(NSEC_PER_SEC))), dispatch_get_main_queue()) {
    print("test")
}

Or any of all kinds of other uses of the Grand Central Dispatch API…

Now that I’ve opened my project in Xcode 8 (beta) for Swift 3, I get all kinds of errors. Some of them offer to fix my code, but not all of the fixes produce working code. What do I do about this?

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