What is the meaning of polyfills in HTML5?

What is the meaning of polyfills in HTML5? I saw this word in many sites about HTML5, e.g. HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills.

So here we’re collecting all the shims, fallbacks, and polyfills
in order to implant HTML5 functionality in browsers that don’t
natively support them.

I actually don’t understood what is the meaning of polyfills.

Is it a new HTML5 technique or a JavaScript library? I never heard this word before HTML5.

And what is the difference between shims, fallbacks, and polyfills?

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